Imran Kanjoo

As per statistics, the T-test in R is used to determine whether the mean of the two groups is equal to each other. The assumption for the test is that both groups are sampled from a normal distribution with equal fluctuation. There are two hypotheses used: Null hypothesis: It is assumed that the two means … Read more

Analysis of Covariance is most important in statistics. To create models, we use Regression analysis which describes the effect of variation in predictor variables on the response variable. In some cases, if you have a categorical variable with values like Male/Female or Yes/No etc. Simple regression analysis gives several results for each value of the … Read more

The boxplot in R is a very famous type of graph. Boxplot shows us how data is distributed in a dataset and divides the data into three quartiles. This graph is used to represent the first and third quartile, median, max, and min in a dataset. It also compares the distribution by making boxplots across … Read more

The histogram in R is used to represent variable values frequency. The difference between histogram and barplot is that histogram groups the values into continuous ranges. To create a histogram in R we used the hist() function. The height of the bars represents the frequency of that variable. The histogram takes a vector as input … Read more

we can read and write a binary file in R. A file that contains information present only in the form of bits and bytes (0 and 1) is called a binary file. A binary file is not readable by humans. The data generated by the other programs need to be processed by R as a … Read more

The time series in R is a series of data points in which each data point is linked with a timestamp. The best example of time series in R is the price of a stock in the stock market at different points of time on a given day. The amount of rainfall in a region … Read more

For Statistical Analysis in R programming, several built-in functions are available like mean, mode, median. These functions are part of the R programming base package. These functions take R vectors as an input along with the arguments and give the result. Mean For Statistical Analysis in R, the mean is calculated by taking the sum … Read more

R packages are a collection of R functions, compiled code, and sample data. They have been stored in a directory known library in the R environment. R programming install packages during installation. More packages are added later till they are needed for some specific tasks. Just default packages are available by default. All the R … Read more

The bar chart in R uses rectangular bars to visualize the data. The height of the bars is proportional to the values they represent. The bar charts can be displayed either horizontally or vertically. By using the barplot() function a vertical bar chart is drawn: Output The above example shows: The x variable represents values in the … Read more

The R factor is a data structure that is used for the purpose of the field which takes only a predefined finite number of values. R factors take a limited number of different values. To store data on multiple levels and categorize the data is done by these objects. Strings and integers can be stored … Read more